> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://atomoh.gitbook.io/kubernetes/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://atomoh.gitbook.io/kubernetes/cn/fu-wu-wang-ge/istio/traffic-management/04-traffic-splitting.md).

# 流量分割

流量拆分是 Istio 最强大的功能之一，无需更改代码即可实现 Canary 部署、A/B 测试和 Blue/Green 部署。

## 目录

1. [流量拆分概述](#traffic-splitting-overview)
2. [Canary 部署](#canary-deployment)
3. [Blue/Green 部署](#bluegreen-deployment)
4. [A/B 测试](#ab-testing)
5. [渐进式发布](#progressive-rollout)
6. [与流量镜像配合使用](#using-with-traffic-mirroring)
7. [实践示例](#practical-examples)
8. [监控和回滚](#monitoring-and-rollback)
9. [故障排除](#troubleshooting)

## 流量拆分概述

流量拆分使用 VirtualService 中的 `weight` 字段，按比例在多个 Service 版本之间分配流量。

```mermaid
flowchart TB
    User[User Request<br/>100%]

    subgraph VirtualService["VirtualService"]
        Split[Traffic Splitting]
    end

    subgraph Services["Service Versions"]
        V1[Version 1<br/>90%]
        V2[Version 2<br/>10%]
    end

    User -->|100%| Split
    Split -->|90%| V1
    Split -->|10%| V2

    V1 -->|Stable| Result1[90 Users]
    V2 -->|New Feature| Result2[10 Users]

    %% Style definitions
    classDef user fill:#f9f9f9,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:black;
    classDef split fill:#326CE5,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:white;
    classDef service fill:#00C7B7,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:white;
    classDef result fill:#3B48CC,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:white;

    %% Class applications
    class User user;
    class Split split;
    class V1,V2 service;
    class Result1,Result2 result;
```

### 基本结构

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: reviews
spec:
  hosts:
  - reviews
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: v1
      weight: 90  # 90% of traffic
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: v2
      weight: 10  # 10% of traffic
```

## Canary 部署

Canary 部署是一种先仅向少量用户部署新版本以安全验证的策略。将 Argo Rollouts 与 Istio 搭配使用，可实现自动化渐进式部署和基于指标的自动回滚。

### Argo Rollouts + Istio 架构

```mermaid
flowchart TB
    subgraph ArgoRollouts["Argo Rollouts Controller"]
        Rollout[Rollout Resource<br/>Deployment Strategy Definition]
        Analysis[AnalysisTemplate<br/>Metric Analysis]
    end

    subgraph Istio["Istio Service Mesh"]
        VS[VirtualService<br/>Traffic Splitting]
        DR[DestinationRule<br/>Subset Definition]
    end

    subgraph K8s["Kubernetes"]
        Stable[Stable Pods<br/>v1]
        Canary[Canary Pods<br/>v2]
    end

    subgraph Monitoring["Monitoring"]
        Prometheus[Prometheus<br/>Metric Collection]
        Grafana[Grafana<br/>Visualization]
    end

    Rollout -->|Create/Update| VS
    Rollout -->|Create| DR
    Rollout -->|Manage| Stable
    Rollout -->|Manage| Canary

    VS -->|90% Traffic| Stable
    VS -->|10% Traffic| Canary

    Analysis -->|Metric Query| Prometheus
    Analysis -->|Approve/Reject| Rollout

    Stable -.->|Send Metrics| Prometheus
    Canary -.->|Send Metrics| Prometheus
    Prometheus -.->|Visualize| Grafana

    %% Style definitions
    classDef argo fill:#FF9900,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:black;
    classDef istio fill:#326CE5,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:white;
    classDef k8s fill:#00C7B7,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:white;
    classDef monitor fill:#E6522C,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:white;

    %% Class applications
    class Rollout,Analysis argo;
    class VS,DR istio;
    class Stable,Canary k8s;
    class Prometheus,Grafana monitor;
```

### Canary 部署流程

```mermaid
flowchart LR
    Start[Start<br/>v1: 100%]
    Step1[Stage 1<br/>v1: 90%, v2: 10%]
    Step2[Stage 2<br/>v1: 75%, v2: 25%]
    Step3[Stage 3<br/>v1: 50%, v2: 50%]
    Step4[Stage 4<br/>v1: 25%, v2: 75%]
    End[Complete<br/>v2: 100%]

    Start -->|Metrics OK| Step1
    Step1 -->|Metrics OK| Step2
    Step2 -->|Metrics OK| Step3
    Step3 -->|Metrics OK| Step4
    Step4 -->|Metrics OK| End

    Step1 -.->|Error Rate > 5%| Rollback[Automatic Rollback<br/>v1: 100%]
    Step2 -.->|Latency > 500ms| Rollback
    Step3 -.->|Metrics Failed| Rollback
    Step4 -.->|Metrics Failed| Rollback

    %% Style definitions
    classDef normal fill:#00C7B7,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:white;
    classDef rollback fill:#FF6B6B,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:white;

    %% Class applications
    class Start,Step1,Step2,Step3,Step4,End normal;
    class Rollback rollback;
```

### 步骤 1：安装 Argo Rollouts

```bash
# Install Argo Rollouts
kubectl create namespace argo-rollouts
kubectl apply -n argo-rollouts -f https://github.com/argoproj/argo-rollouts/releases/latest/download/install.yaml

# Install Argo Rollouts CLI (optional)
curl -LO https://github.com/argoproj/argo-rollouts/releases/latest/download/kubectl-argo-rollouts-linux-amd64
chmod +x kubectl-argo-rollouts-linux-amd64
sudo mv kubectl-argo-rollouts-linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/kubectl-argo-rollouts

# Run Argo Rollouts Dashboard
kubectl argo rollouts dashboard
```

### 步骤 2：定义 Rollout 资源

```yaml
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Rollout
metadata:
  name: reviews
  namespace: default
spec:
  replicas: 5
  revisionHistoryLimit: 2
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: reviews
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: reviews
        istio-injection: enabled
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: reviews
        image: docker.io/istio/examples-bookinfo-reviews-v2:1.17.0
        ports:
        - containerPort: 9080
        resources:
          requests:
            memory: "64Mi"
            cpu: "100m"
          limits:
            memory: "128Mi"
            cpu: "200m"

  # Canary Deployment Strategy
  strategy:
    canary:
      # Traffic Control via Istio VirtualService
      trafficRouting:
        istio:
          virtualService:
            name: reviews-vsvc
            routes:
            - primary
          destinationRule:
            name: reviews-destrule
            canarySubsetName: canary
            stableSubsetName: stable

      # Canary Steps Definition
      steps:
      - setWeight: 10    # 10% traffic to Canary
      - pause:
          duration: 2m   # Wait 2 minutes

      - setWeight: 25    # 25% traffic to Canary
      - pause:
          duration: 2m

      - setWeight: 50    # 50% traffic to Canary
      - pause:
          duration: 2m

      - setWeight: 75    # 75% traffic to Canary
      - pause:
          duration: 2m

      # Automatic Metric Analysis
      analysis:
        templates:
        - templateName: success-rate
        - templateName: latency
        startingStep: 1  # Start analysis from first step
        args:
        - name: service-name
          value: reviews
```

### 步骤 3：创建 Service

首先，创建 Kubernetes Service：

```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: reviews
  namespace: default
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 9080
    name: http
  selector:
    app: reviews  # Select all Pods from Rollout
```

### 步骤 4：定义 VirtualService

**重要**：Argo Rollouts **不会**自动修改 VirtualService。必须预先创建 VirtualService，而 Rollout 仅引用它来更新权重。

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: reviews-vsvc
  namespace: default
spec:
  hosts:
  - reviews
  http:
  - name: primary  # Route name referenced by Rollout (required)
    route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: stable  # Stable version
      weight: 100
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: canary  # Canary version
      weight: 0
```

**要点**：

* `http[].name` 字段是必需的（与 Rollout 的 `routes` 字段匹配）
* Rollout 只会自动更新此 VirtualService 的 `weight` 值
* 需要两个目标：stable 和 canary

### 步骤 5：定义 DestinationRule

**重要**：Argo Rollouts **不会**自动创建 DestinationRule。必须预先创建它。

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: reviews-destrule
  namespace: default
spec:
  host: reviews
  subsets:
  - name: stable
    labels:
      # Label automatically added by Rollout
      # rollouts-pod-template-hash: <stable-hash>
  - name: canary
    labels:
      # Label automatically added by Rollout
      # rollouts-pod-template-hash: <canary-hash>
```

**要点**：

* 子集名称（`stable`、`canary`）必须与 Rollout 的 `stableSubsetName` 和 `canarySubsetName` 匹配
* Rollout 会自动将 `rollouts-pod-template-hash` 标签添加到 Pod
* DestinationRule 子集根据此标签选择 Pod
* **保持标签选择器为空**——Rollout 会在运行时管理它们

### 步骤 6：定义 AnalysisTemplate

#### 成功率分析

```yaml
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: AnalysisTemplate
metadata:
  name: success-rate
  namespace: default
spec:
  args:
  - name: service-name

  metrics:
  - name: success-rate
    interval: 30s
    count: 4  # 4 measurements (total 2 minutes)
    successCondition: result >= 0.95  # 95% or higher success rate
    failureLimit: 2  # Rollback after 2 failures
    provider:
      prometheus:
        address: http://prometheus.istio-system:9090
        query: |
          sum(rate(
            istio_requests_total{
              destination_service_name="{{args.service-name}}",
              destination_workload_namespace="default",
              response_code!~"5.*"
            }[2m]
          ))
          /
          sum(rate(
            istio_requests_total{
              destination_service_name="{{args.service-name}}",
              destination_workload_namespace="default"
            }[2m]
          ))
```

#### 延迟分析

```yaml
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: AnalysisTemplate
metadata:
  name: latency
  namespace: default
spec:
  args:
  - name: service-name

  metrics:
  - name: latency-p95
    interval: 30s
    count: 4
    successCondition: result <= 500  # P95 latency 500ms or less
    failureLimit: 2
    provider:
      prometheus:
        address: http://prometheus.istio-system:9090
        query: |
          histogram_quantile(0.95,
            sum(rate(
              istio_request_duration_milliseconds_bucket{
                destination_service_name="{{args.service-name}}",
                destination_workload_namespace="default"
              }[2m]
            )) by (le)
          )
```

### 执行和监控部署

#### 部署新版本

```bash
# Start Canary deployment with image update
kubectl argo rollouts set image reviews \
  reviews=docker.io/istio/examples-bookinfo-reviews-v3:1.17.0

# Check Rollout status
kubectl argo rollouts get rollout reviews --watch

# Real-time dashboard
kubectl argo rollouts dashboard
```

#### 手动批准/拒绝

```bash
# Manual approval to proceed to next step
kubectl argo rollouts promote reviews

# Abort and rollback Canary deployment
kubectl argo rollouts abort reviews

# Rollback to specific revision
kubectl argo rollouts undo reviews
```

#### 监控部署进度

```bash
# Check Rollout status
kubectl argo rollouts status reviews

# Check analysis results
kubectl get analysisrun -w

# Check Canary vs Stable traffic distribution
kubectl get virtualservice reviews-vsvc -o yaml

# Check actual Pod status
kubectl get pods -l app=reviews --show-labels
```

### 高级配置：基于指标的自动推进

```yaml
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Rollout
metadata:
  name: reviews-auto
spec:
  replicas: 5
  strategy:
    canary:
      trafficRouting:
        istio:
          virtualService:
            name: reviews-vsvc
            routes:
            - primary
          destinationRule:
            name: reviews-destrule
            canarySubsetName: canary
            stableSubsetName: stable

      steps:
      - setWeight: 10
      - pause:
          duration: 1m

      # Automatic Analysis - Automatically proceed to next step on success
      - analysis:
          templates:
          - templateName: success-rate
          - templateName: latency
          args:
          - name: service-name
            value: reviews

      - setWeight: 25
      - pause:
          duration: 1m

      - analysis:
          templates:
          - templateName: success-rate
          - templateName: latency
          args:
          - name: service-name
            value: reviews

      - setWeight: 50
      - pause:
          duration: 1m

      - analysis:
          templates:
          - templateName: success-rate
          - templateName: latency
          args:
          - name: service-name
            value: reviews

      - setWeight: 75
      - pause:
          duration: 1m

      - analysis:
          templates:
          - templateName: success-rate
          - templateName: latency
          args:
          - name: service-name
            value: reviews
```

### 关键注意事项

#### 1. 必须预先创建 VirtualService 和 DestinationRule

Argo Rollouts 不会创建这些资源。必须在部署 Rollout 前创建它们：

```bash
# Order is important
kubectl apply -f service.yaml
kubectl apply -f destination-rule.yaml
kubectl apply -f virtual-service.yaml
kubectl apply -f rollout.yaml
```

#### 2. 由 Rollout 管理的标签

Argo Rollouts 会自动添加/管理以下标签：

```yaml
# Labels automatically added by Rollout
rollouts-pod-template-hash: <hash>  # For ReplicaSet identification
```

这些标签用于在 DestinationRule 中选择子集。

#### 3. 必须提供 HTTP 路由名称

VirtualService 中的每条 HTTP 路由都必须具有 `name` 字段：

```yaml
# Wrong example
http:
- route:  # No name!
  - destination:
      host: reviews

# Correct example
http:
- name: primary  # Required!
  route:
  - destination:
      host: reviews
```

#### 4. 启用 Istio 注入

必须将 Istio sidecar 注入 Rollout Pod：

```yaml
# Method 1: Namespace level
kubectl label namespace default istio-injection=enabled

# Method 2: Pod level
template:
  metadata:
    labels:
      sidecar.istio.io/inject: "true"
```

### 与 VirtualService Match 配合使用

Argo Rollouts 可以与 VirtualService match 条件配合使用。这允许仅将满足特定条件的流量路由到 Canary。

#### 示例 1：基于 Header 的 Canary（面向内部测试人员）

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: reviews-vsvc
spec:
  hosts:
  - reviews
  http:
  # Priority 1: Internal testers always go to Canary
  - match:
    - headers:
        x-canary-tester:
          exact: "true"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: canary

  # Priority 2: Normal traffic - Rollout manages this route's weight
  - name: primary
    route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: stable
      weight: 100
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: canary
      weight: 0
```

**使用场景**：

```bash
# Internal testers always access Canary version
curl -H "x-canary-tester: true" http://reviews:9080/

# Regular users are routed based on Rollout's weight
curl http://reviews:9080/
```

#### 示例 2：基于区域的分阶段部署

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: reviews-vsvc
spec:
  hosts:
  - reviews
  http:
  # Priority 1: Dev environment always gets latest version
  - match:
    - headers:
        x-env:
          exact: "dev"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: canary

  # Priority 2: Only specific region for Canary test (e.g., Seoul)
  - match:
    - headers:
        x-region:
          exact: "ap-northeast-2"
    name: seoul-traffic
    route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: stable
      weight: 100
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: canary
      weight: 0

  # Priority 3: Other regions stay on stable version
  - name: other-regions
    route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: stable
```

**Rollout 配置**：

```yaml
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Rollout
metadata:
  name: reviews
spec:
  # ... (same as before)
  strategy:
    canary:
      trafficRouting:
        istio:
          virtualService:
            name: reviews-vsvc
            routes:
            - seoul-traffic  # Only apply Canary to Seoul traffic
          destinationRule:
            name: reviews-destrule
            canarySubsetName: canary
            stableSubsetName: stable
      steps:
      - setWeight: 10
      - pause: {duration: 2m}
      - setWeight: 50
      - pause: {duration: 2m}
```

#### 示例 3：基于用户层级的部署

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: reviews-vsvc
spec:
  hosts:
  - reviews
  http:
  # Priority 1: Beta program participants
  - match:
    - headers:
        x-user-tier:
          exact: "beta"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: canary

  # Priority 2: Only premium users for Canary test
  - match:
    - headers:
        x-user-tier:
          exact: "premium"
    name: premium-users
    route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: stable
      weight: 100
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: canary
      weight: 0

  # Priority 3: Free users get stable version
  - name: free-users
    route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: stable
```

#### 示例 4：基于移动应用版本的部署

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: reviews-vsvc
spec:
  hosts:
  - reviews
  http:
  # Priority 1: Only latest app version users get Canary
  - match:
    - headers:
        x-app-version:
          regex: "^3\\.(1[0-9]|[2-9][0-9])\\."  # 3.10.x or higher
    name: latest-app-version
    route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: stable
      weight: 100
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: canary
      weight: 0

  # Priority 2: Legacy app only gets stable version
  - name: legacy-app-version
    route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: stable
```

### 完整部署示例

一个一次部署所有资源的基本示例：

```yaml
---
# Service
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: reviews
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 9080
    name: http
  selector:
    app: reviews

---
# DestinationRule
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
  name: reviews-destrule
spec:
  host: reviews
  subsets:
  - name: stable
    labels: {}  # Managed by Rollout
  - name: canary
    labels: {}  # Managed by Rollout

---
# VirtualService
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: reviews-vsvc
spec:
  hosts:
  - reviews
  http:
  - name: primary
    route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: stable
      weight: 100
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: canary
      weight: 0

---
# Rollout
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Rollout
metadata:
  name: reviews
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: reviews
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: reviews
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: reviews
        image: istio/examples-bookinfo-reviews-v1:1.17.0
        ports:
        - containerPort: 9080

  strategy:
    canary:
      trafficRouting:
        istio:
          virtualService:
            name: reviews-vsvc
            routes:
            - primary
          destinationRule:
            name: reviews-destrule
            canarySubsetName: canary
            stableSubsetName: stable

      steps:
      - setWeight: 20
      - pause: {duration: 1m}
      - setWeight: 40
      - pause: {duration: 1m}
      - setWeight: 60
      - pause: {duration: 1m}
      - setWeight: 80
      - pause: {duration: 1m}
```

### 使用 Match 时的注意事项

#### 1. 路由顺序很重要

VirtualService 中的 HTTP 路由会**按顺序评估**。具有 match 的路由应置于由 Rollout 管理的路由之前：

```yaml
# Correct example
http:
- match:
    - headers:
        x-tester: {exact: "true"}
  route:
    - destination: {host: reviews, subset: canary}

- name: primary  # Managed by Rollout
  route:
    - destination: {host: reviews, subset: stable}
      weight: 100
    - destination: {host: reviews, subset: canary}
      weight: 0

# Wrong example - match is ignored if primary comes first
http:
- name: primary
  route: [...]

- match: [...]  # Never reached!
  route: [...]
```

#### 2. Rollout 仅管理指定路由

Rollout 仅修改 `routes` 字段中指定路由的权重：

```yaml
strategy:
  canary:
    trafficRouting:
      istio:
        virtualService:
          name: reviews-vsvc
          routes:
          - primary  # Only modifies this route's weight
          # Other routes with match are not modified
```

#### 3. 同时管理多个路由

如有需要，可以同时管理多个路由：

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: reviews-vsvc
spec:
  hosts:
  - reviews
  http:
  # Premium users route
  - match:
    - headers:
        x-user-tier: {exact: "premium"}
    name: premium-route
    route:
    - destination: {host: reviews, subset: stable}
      weight: 100
    - destination: {host: reviews, subset: canary}
      weight: 0

  # Standard users route
  - name: standard-route
    route:
    - destination: {host: reviews, subset: stable}
      weight: 100
    - destination: {host: reviews, subset: canary}
      weight: 0

---
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Rollout
metadata:
  name: reviews
spec:
  strategy:
    canary:
      trafficRouting:
        istio:
          virtualService:
            name: reviews-vsvc
            routes:
            - premium-route    # Manage both routes
            - standard-route
          destinationRule:
            name: reviews-destrule
            canarySubsetName: canary
            stableSubsetName: stable
      steps:
      - setWeight: 10
      - pause: {duration: 2m}
```

### 故障排除

#### Rollout 卡在 Progressing 状态

```bash
# Check Rollout status
kubectl argo rollouts get rollout reviews

# Check Events
kubectl describe rollout reviews

# Common causes:
# 1. VirtualService/DestinationRule doesn't exist
kubectl get virtualservice reviews-vsvc
kubectl get destinationrule reviews-destrule

# 2. HTTP route name is wrong
kubectl get virtualservice reviews-vsvc -o yaml | grep "name:"

# 3. Istio sidecar not injected
kubectl get pods -l app=reviews -o jsonpath='{.items[*].spec.containers[*].name}'
```

#### 流量未进入 Canary

```bash
# Check VirtualService weight
kubectl get virtualservice reviews-vsvc -o yaml

# Check DestinationRule subsets
kubectl get destinationrule reviews-destrule -o yaml

# Check Pod labels
kubectl get pods -l app=reviews --show-labels

# Check Envoy configuration
istioctl proxy-config routes <pod-name>
```

#### Rollout 回滚

```bash
# Rollback to previous revision
kubectl argo rollouts undo reviews

# Rollback to specific revision
kubectl argo rollouts undo reviews --to-revision=2

# Abort and rollback immediately
kubectl argo rollouts abort reviews
```

### 使用 Argo Rollouts 进行 Blue/Green 部署

Argo Rollouts 也支持 Blue/Green 策略：

```yaml
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Rollout
metadata:
  name: reviews-bluegreen
spec:
  replicas: 5
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: reviews
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: reviews
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: reviews
        image: docker.io/istio/examples-bookinfo-reviews-v2:1.17.0
        ports:
        - containerPort: 9080

  strategy:
    blueGreen:
      activeService: reviews-active
      previewService: reviews-preview
      autoPromotionEnabled: false  # Manual approval
      scaleDownDelaySeconds: 30
      prePromotionAnalysis:
        templates:
        - templateName: smoke-tests
        args:
        - name: service-name
          value: reviews-preview
```

## Blue/Green 部署

Blue/Green 部署维护两个相同的生产环境，并可即时切换流量。将 Argo Rollouts 与 Istio 搭配使用可实现安全切换和自动回滚。

### Argo Rollouts Blue/Green 架构

```mermaid
flowchart TB
    subgraph ArgoRollouts["Argo Rollouts Controller"]
        Rollout[Rollout Resource<br/>Blue/Green Strategy]
        PreAnalysis[PrePromotion<br/>Analysis]
        PostAnalysis[PostPromotion<br/>Analysis]
    end

    subgraph Services["Kubernetes Services"]
        ActiveSvc[Active Service<br/>Production Traffic]
        PreviewSvc[Preview Service<br/>Test Traffic]
    end

    subgraph Pods["Pod Environment"]
        Blue[Blue Pods<br/>Current Version]
        Green[Green Pods<br/>New Version]
    end

    subgraph Gateway["Istio Gateway"]
        Ingress[Ingress Gateway<br/>External Traffic]
    end

    Rollout -->|Manage| ActiveSvc
    Rollout -->|Manage| PreviewSvc
    Rollout -->|Deploy| Blue
    Rollout -->|Deploy| Green

    PreAnalysis -->|Test| PreviewSvc
    PostAnalysis -->|Verify| ActiveSvc

    ActiveSvc -->|100% Traffic| Blue
    PreviewSvc -->|Test Traffic| Green

    Ingress --> ActiveSvc
    Ingress -.->|Test Only| PreviewSvc

    %% Style definitions
    classDef argo fill:#FF9900,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:black;
    classDef service fill:#326CE5,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:white;
    classDef pod fill:#00C7B7,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:white;
    classDef gateway fill:#E6522C,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:white;

    %% Class applications
    class Rollout,PreAnalysis,PostAnalysis argo;
    class ActiveSvc,PreviewSvc service;
    class Blue,Green pod;
    class Ingress gateway;
```

### Blue/Green 部署流程

```mermaid
flowchart LR
    Start[Start<br/>Blue Active]
    Deploy[Deploy Green]
    PreTest[Pre-test<br/>Preview Service]
    Manual[Manual Approval<br/>or Auto]
    Switch[Traffic Switch<br/>Blue -> Green]
    PostTest[Post Verification]
    ScaleDown[Scale Down Blue<br/>After 30s]
    End[Complete<br/>Green Active]

    Start --> Deploy
    Deploy --> PreTest
    PreTest -->|Success| Manual
    PreTest -.->|Fail| Rollback[Rollback<br/>Delete Green]
    Manual -->|Approve| Switch
    Manual -.->|Reject| Rollback
    Switch --> PostTest
    PostTest -->|Success| ScaleDown
    PostTest -.->|Fail| QuickRollback[Immediate Rollback<br/>Switch to Blue]
    ScaleDown --> End

    %% Style definitions
    classDef normal fill:#00C7B7,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:white;
    classDef rollback fill:#FF6B6B,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:white;

    %% Class applications
    class Start,Deploy,PreTest,Manual,Switch,PostTest,ScaleDown,End normal;
    class Rollback,QuickRollback rollback;
```

### 步骤 1：定义 Service

Blue/Green 部署需要两个 Service：

```yaml
---
# Active Service - Production traffic
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: reviews-active
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 9080
    name: http
  selector:
    app: reviews
    # Rollout automatically updates selector

---
# Preview Service - Test traffic
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: reviews-preview
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 9080
    name: http
  selector:
    app: reviews
    # Rollout automatically updates selector
```

### 步骤 2：Istio Gateway 和 VirtualService

```yaml
---
# Gateway
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: reviews-gateway
spec:
  selector:
    istio: ingressgateway
  servers:
  - port:
      number: 80
      name: http
      protocol: HTTP
    hosts:
    - reviews.example.com

---
# VirtualService - Active Service
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: reviews-vsvc
spec:
  hosts:
  - reviews.example.com
  gateways:
  - reviews-gateway
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews-active  # Route to Active Service
        port:
          number: 9080

---
# VirtualService - Preview Service (for testing)
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: reviews-preview-vsvc
spec:
  hosts:
  - reviews-preview.example.com
  gateways:
  - reviews-gateway
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews-preview  # Route to Preview Service
        port:
          number: 9080
```

### 步骤 3：定义 Rollout 资源

```yaml
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Rollout
metadata:
  name: reviews
spec:
  replicas: 3
  revisionHistoryLimit: 2
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: reviews
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: reviews
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: reviews
        image: istio/examples-bookinfo-reviews-v1:1.17.0
        ports:
        - containerPort: 9080

  strategy:
    blueGreen:
      # Specify Active/Preview Services
      activeService: reviews-active
      previewService: reviews-preview

      # Auto-promotion settings
      autoPromotionEnabled: false  # false: manual approval, true: auto-approve
      autoPromotionSeconds: 30     # Wait time for auto-promotion

      # Blue environment retention time
      scaleDownDelaySeconds: 30    # Delete Blue 30 seconds after switch
      scaleDownDelayRevisionLimit: 2  # Keep up to 2 previous versions

      # Pre-test (validate Preview before deployment)
      prePromotionAnalysis:
        templates:
        - templateName: smoke-tests
        args:
        - name: service-name
          value: reviews-preview

      # Post-verification (validate Active after switch)
      postPromotionAnalysis:
        templates:
        - templateName: post-promotion-tests
        args:
        - name: service-name
          value: reviews-active

      # Anti-affinity (deploy Blue/Green on different nodes)
      antiAffinity:
        requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution: {}
```

### 步骤 4：定义 AnalysisTemplate

#### 预测试（Smoke Tests）

```yaml
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: AnalysisTemplate
metadata:
  name: smoke-tests
spec:
  args:
  - name: service-name

  metrics:
  # 1. HTTP status code check
  - name: http-status
    interval: 10s
    count: 5
    successCondition: result == 200
    provider:
      job:
        spec:
          template:
            spec:
              containers:
              - name: curl
                image: curlimages/curl:7.88.1
                command:
                - sh
                - -c
                - |
                  curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" http://{{args.service-name}}:9080/health
              restartPolicy: Never
          backoffLimit: 1

  # 2. Basic functional test
  - name: functional-test
    interval: 10s
    count: 3
    successCondition: result == true
    provider:
      job:
        spec:
          template:
            spec:
              containers:
              - name: test
                image: appropriate/curl:latest
                command:
                - sh
                - -c
                - |
                  # API endpoint test
                  curl -f http://{{args.service-name}}:9080/api/v1/health
              restartPolicy: Never
          backoffLimit: 1
```

#### 推广后验证测试

```yaml
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: AnalysisTemplate
metadata:
  name: post-promotion-tests
spec:
  args:
  - name: service-name

  metrics:
  # Prometheus metric-based verification
  - name: error-rate
    interval: 30s
    count: 10
    successCondition: result < 0.05  # Less than 5% error rate
    provider:
      prometheus:
        address: http://prometheus.istio-system:9090
        query: |
          sum(rate(
            istio_requests_total{
              destination_service_name="{{args.service-name}}",
              response_code=~"5.."
            }[1m]
          ))
          /
          sum(rate(
            istio_requests_total{
              destination_service_name="{{args.service-name}}"
            }[1m]
          ))

  - name: response-time
    interval: 30s
    count: 10
    successCondition: result < 500  # Less than 500ms
    provider:
      prometheus:
        address: http://prometheus.istio-system:9090
        query: |
          histogram_quantile(0.95,
            sum(rate(
              istio_request_duration_milliseconds_bucket{
                destination_service_name="{{args.service-name}}"
              }[1m]
            )) by (le)
          )
```

### 执行和管理部署

#### 部署新版本

```bash
# Start Blue/Green deployment with image update
kubectl argo rollouts set image reviews \
  reviews=istio/examples-bookinfo-reviews-v2:1.17.0

# Check Rollout status
kubectl argo rollouts get rollout reviews --watch

# Test Preview environment
curl http://reviews-preview.example.com/
```

#### 手动批准（Promotion）

```bash
# Manually approve after pre-tests succeed
kubectl argo rollouts promote reviews

# Or approve from dashboard
kubectl argo rollouts dashboard
```

#### 检查状态

```bash
# Rollout status
kubectl argo rollouts status reviews

# Check Active/Preview Services
kubectl get svc reviews-active reviews-preview

# Check Pod status
kubectl get pods -l app=reviews --show-labels

# Check Analysis results
kubectl get analysisrun
```

#### 回滚

```bash
# Immediate rollback (switch to Blue)
kubectl argo rollouts abort reviews

# Rollback to previous version
kubectl argo rollouts undo reviews

# Rollback to specific revision
kubectl argo rollouts undo reviews --to-revision=3
```

## A/B 测试

A/B 测试同时运行两个版本，并根据特定条件对用户进行分类以衡量效果。

```mermaid
flowchart TB
    Users[All Users]

    subgraph Segmentation["User Segmentation"]
        GroupA[Group A<br/>50%]
        GroupB[Group B<br/>50%]
    end

    subgraph Versions["Versions"]
        VersionA[Version A<br/>Existing UI]
        VersionB[Version B<br/>New UI]
    end

    subgraph Metrics["Metric Collection"]
        MetricA[Conversion Rate<br/>Click Rate<br/>Time on Site]
        MetricB[Conversion Rate<br/>Click Rate<br/>Time on Site]
    end

    Users --> GroupA
    Users --> GroupB

    GroupA --> VersionA
    GroupB --> VersionB

    VersionA --> MetricA
    VersionB --> MetricB

    MetricA --> Analysis[A/B Test<br/>Analysis]
    MetricB --> Analysis

    Analysis --> Decision{Which version<br/>is better?}
    Decision -->|A is better| KeepA[Keep A]
    Decision -->|B is better| AdoptB[Adopt B]

    %% Style definitions
    classDef users fill:#f9f9f9,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:black;
    classDef group fill:#326CE5,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:white;
    classDef version fill:#00C7B7,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:white;
    classDef metric fill:#3B48CC,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:white;
    classDef analysis fill:#F8B52A,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px,color:black;

    %% Class applications
    class Users users;
    class GroupA,GroupB group;
    class VersionA,VersionB version;
    class MetricA,MetricB metric;
    class Analysis,Decision,KeepA,AdoptB analysis;
```

### 基于 Cookie 的 A/B 测试

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: myapp-ab-test
spec:
  hosts:
  - myapp.example.com
  http:
  # Group A (cookie value "a")
  - match:
    - headers:
        cookie:
          regex: ".*ab_test=a.*"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: version-a

  # Group B (cookie value "b")
  - match:
    - headers:
        cookie:
          regex: ".*ab_test=b.*"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: version-b

  # New users (no cookie) - 50/50 split
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: version-a
      weight: 50
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: version-b
      weight: 50
    headers:
      response:
        add:
          Set-Cookie: "ab_test=a; Max-Age=2592000; Path=/"
```

### 基于 Header 的 A/B 测试

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: myapp-ab-header
spec:
  hosts:
  - myapp
  http:
  # Mobile users -> Version B (new mobile UI)
  - match:
    - headers:
        user-agent:
          regex: ".*Mobile.*"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: version-b

  # Premium users -> Version B (new features)
  - match:
    - headers:
        x-user-tier:
          exact: "premium"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: version-b

  # Regular users -> Version A
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: version-a
```

### 基于地理位置的 A/B 测试

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: myapp-ab-geo
spec:
  hosts:
  - myapp
  http:
  # Test new version only in specific regions
  - match:
    - headers:
        x-country-code:
          regex: "US|CA"  # USA, Canada
    route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: version-b
      weight: 50
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: version-a
      weight: 50

  # Other regions get existing version
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: version-a
```

## 渐进式发布

渐进式发布会随时间自动提高流量比例。使用 Argo Rollouts 的 Canary 策略可实现自动化渐进式部署。

### 手动渐进式发布

```bash
#!/bin/bash
# progressive-rollout.sh

SERVICE="myapp"
NAMESPACE="default"
INTERVAL=300  # 5 minutes

# Traffic ratio array
WEIGHTS=(0 10 25 50 75 100)

for i in "${!WEIGHTS[@]}"; do
  weight=${WEIGHTS[$i]}
  prev_weight=$((100 - weight))

  echo "[$i/${#WEIGHTS[@]}] Shifting traffic: v1=$prev_weight%, v2=$weight%"

  kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: ${SERVICE}
  namespace: ${NAMESPACE}
spec:
  hosts:
  - ${SERVICE}
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: ${SERVICE}
        subset: v1
      weight: ${prev_weight}
    - destination:
        host: ${SERVICE}
        subset: v2
      weight: ${weight}
EOF

  if [ $weight -lt 100 ]; then
    echo "Waiting ${INTERVAL} seconds before next step..."
    sleep $INTERVAL

    # Check metrics
    echo "Checking metrics..."
    ERROR_RATE=$(kubectl exec -n ${NAMESPACE} -c istio-proxy \
      $(kubectl get pod -n ${NAMESPACE} -l app=${SERVICE},version=v2 -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -- \
      curl -s localhost:15000/stats/prometheus | \
      grep 'istio_requests_total{response_code="500"}' | \
      awk '{print $2}')

    if [ "$ERROR_RATE" != "" ] && [ "$ERROR_RATE" -gt 5 ]; then
      echo "ERROR: High error rate detected ($ERROR_RATE errors). Rolling back!"
      kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: ${SERVICE}
  namespace: ${NAMESPACE}
spec:
  hosts:
  - ${SERVICE}
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: ${SERVICE}
        subset: v1
      weight: 100
EOF
      exit 1
    fi
  fi
done

echo "Progressive rollout completed successfully!"
```

## 与流量镜像配合使用

将流量拆分与镜像结合，可实现更安全的部署。

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: myapp-canary-with-mirror
spec:
  hosts:
  - myapp
  http:
  - route:
    # Main traffic: 90% v1, 10% v2
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: v1
      weight: 90
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: v2
      weight: 10
    # Mirroring: duplicate all traffic to v3 (ignore response)
    mirror:
      host: myapp
      subset: v3
    mirrorPercentage:
      value: 100
```

## 实践示例

### 示例 1：基于用户群体的部署

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: myapp-segmented-rollout
spec:
  hosts:
  - myapp.example.com
  http:
  # Internal employees - use new version first
  - match:
    - headers:
        x-employee:
          exact: "true"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: v2

  # Beta testers - next to use new version
  - match:
    - headers:
        x-beta-tester:
          exact: "true"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: v2

  # VIP customers - Canary 50%
  - match:
    - headers:
        x-user-tier:
          exact: "vip"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: v1
      weight: 50
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: v2
      weight: 50

  # Regular customers - Canary 10%
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: v1
      weight: 90
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: v2
      weight: 10
```

### 示例 2：基于时间的部署

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: myapp-time-based
spec:
  hosts:
  - myapp
  http:
  # Korea daytime (KST 09:00-18:00) - stable version
  - match:
    - headers:
        x-country-code:
          exact: "KR"
        x-hour:
          regex: "0[9]|1[0-7]"  # 09-17 hours
    route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: v1

  # Korea nighttime - Canary test
  - match:
    - headers:
        x-country-code:
          exact: "KR"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: v1
      weight: 80
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: v2
      weight: 20

  # Other regions
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: v1
```

### 示例 3：微服务链 Canary

```yaml
# Frontend Canary
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: frontend-canary
spec:
  hosts:
  - frontend
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: frontend
        subset: v1
      weight: 90
    - destination:
        host: frontend
        subset: v2
      weight: 10
---
# Backend Canary (only used by Frontend v2)
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: backend-canary
spec:
  hosts:
  - backend
  http:
  # Only requests from Frontend v2 go to Backend v2
  - match:
    - sourceLabels:
        app: frontend
        version: v2
    route:
    - destination:
        host: backend
        subset: v2

  # Rest go to Backend v1
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: backend
        subset: v1
```

## 监控和回滚

### Prometheus 查询

```promql
# Requests per version
sum(rate(istio_requests_total{destination_service="myapp.default.svc.cluster.local"}[5m])) by (destination_version)

# Error rate per version
sum(rate(istio_requests_total{destination_service="myapp.default.svc.cluster.local",response_code=~"5.."}[5m])) by (destination_version)
/
sum(rate(istio_requests_total{destination_service="myapp.default.svc.cluster.local"}[5m])) by (destination_version)

# Latency per version (P95)
histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(istio_request_duration_milliseconds_bucket{destination_service="myapp.default.svc.cluster.local"}[5m])) by (destination_version, le))

# Traffic split ratio
sum(rate(istio_requests_total{destination_service="myapp.default.svc.cluster.local"}[5m])) by (destination_version)
/
sum(rate(istio_requests_total{destination_service="myapp.default.svc.cluster.local"}[5m]))
```

### 自动回滚脚本

```bash
#!/bin/bash
# auto-rollback.sh

SERVICE="myapp"
NAMESPACE="default"
ERROR_THRESHOLD=5  # 5% error rate threshold
LATENCY_THRESHOLD=1000  # 1 second latency threshold

# Collect Canary version metrics
POD=$(kubectl get pod -n ${NAMESPACE} -l app=${SERVICE},version=v2 -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}')

# Check error rate
ERROR_RATE=$(kubectl exec -n ${NAMESPACE} -c istio-proxy ${POD} -- \
  curl -s localhost:15000/stats/prometheus | \
  grep 'istio_requests_total{response_code="500"}' | \
  awk '{sum+=$2} END {print sum}')

TOTAL_REQUESTS=$(kubectl exec -n ${NAMESPACE} -c istio-proxy ${POD} -- \
  curl -s localhost:15000/stats/prometheus | \
  grep 'istio_requests_total' | \
  grep -v 'response_code' | \
  awk '{sum+=$2} END {print sum}')

if [ "$TOTAL_REQUESTS" -gt 0 ]; then
  ERROR_PERCENTAGE=$(echo "scale=2; ($ERROR_RATE / $TOTAL_REQUESTS) * 100" | bc)

  if (( $(echo "$ERROR_PERCENTAGE > $ERROR_THRESHOLD" | bc -l) )); then
    echo "ERROR: Error rate ${ERROR_PERCENTAGE}% exceeds threshold ${ERROR_THRESHOLD}%"
    echo "Rolling back to v1..."

    kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: ${SERVICE}
  namespace: ${NAMESPACE}
spec:
  hosts:
  - ${SERVICE}
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: ${SERVICE}
        subset: v1
      weight: 100
EOF

    # Send notification
    curl -X POST https://hooks.slack.com/services/YOUR/SLACK/WEBHOOK \
      -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
      -d "{\"text\":\"Warning: ${SERVICE} Canary rollback triggered! Error rate: ${ERROR_PERCENTAGE}%\"}"

    exit 1
  fi
fi

echo "Canary metrics within acceptable range"
```

## 故障排除

### 流量拆分未生效

```bash
# 1. Check DestinationRule
kubectl get destinationrule -A
kubectl describe destinationrule <name> -n <namespace>

# 2. Check subset labels
kubectl get pods -n <namespace> --show-labels

# 3. Check VirtualService configuration
istioctl proxy-config routes <pod-name> -n <namespace> -o json

# 4. Check actual traffic distribution
kubectl exec -n <namespace> <pod-name> -c istio-proxy -- \
  curl -s localhost:15000/clusters | grep <service-name>
```

### 权重未按预期工作

```bash
# Check Envoy cluster weights
istioctl proxy-config clusters <pod-name> -n <namespace> --fqdn <service-fqdn> -o json

# Check endpoint status
kubectl get endpoints -n <namespace> <service-name> -o yaml

# Check Pod ready status
kubectl get pods -n <namespace> -l version=v2
```

## 最佳实践

### 1. 分阶段发布

```yaml
# Good example: Gradual increase
# 5% -> 10% -> 25% -> 50% -> 100%

# Bad example: Sudden increase
# 5% -> 100%
```

### 2. 制定回滚计划

```bash
# Prepare rollback YAML file in advance
cat > rollback-v1.yaml <<EOF
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: myapp
spec:
  hosts:
  - myapp
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        subset: v1
      weight: 100
EOF

# Rollback command
kubectl apply -f rollback-v1.yaml
```

### 3. 监控至关重要

* **Golden Signals** 监控：Latency、Traffic、Errors、Saturation
* **基于 SLO 的决策**：未达到目标 SLO 时自动回滚
* **实时告警**：通过 Slack、PagerDuty 等设置通知。

### 4. 测试自动化

使用 Argo Rollouts 的 AnalysisTemplate 实现自动化测试和验证：

```yaml
# AnalysisTemplate for automated testing and verification
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: AnalysisTemplate
metadata:
  name: success-rate
spec:
  args:
  - name: service-name
  metrics:
  - name: success-rate
    interval: 1m
    count: 10
    successCondition: result >= 0.95
    failureLimit: 3
    provider:
      prometheus:
        address: http://prometheus.istio-system:9090
        query: |
          sum(rate(
            istio_requests_total{
              destination_service_name="{{args.service-name}}",
              response_code!~"5.*"
            }[1m]
          ))
          /
          sum(rate(
            istio_requests_total{
              destination_service_name="{{args.service-name}}"
            }[1m]
          ))
---
# Using AnalysisTemplate in Rollout
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Rollout
metadata:
  name: myapp
spec:
  strategy:
    canary:
      steps:
      - setWeight: 10
      - pause: {duration: 1m}
      - analysis:
          templates:
          - templateName: success-rate
          args:
          - name: service-name
            value: myapp
```

### 5. 文档

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: myapp-canary
  annotations:
    description: "Canary deployment for myapp v2"
    owner: "platform-team"
    rollout-date: "2025-11-24"
    rollout-plan: "5% -> 10% -> 25% -> 50% -> 100%"
    monitoring-dashboard: "https://grafana.example.com/d/canary"
spec:
  # ...
```

## 参考资料

### Istio 相关

* [Istio Traffic Shifting](https://istio.io/latest/docs/tasks/traffic-management/traffic-shifting/)
* [Canary Deployments](https://istio.io/latest/blog/2017/0.1-canary/)

### Argo Rollouts 相关

* [Argo Rollouts 官方文档](https://argo-rollouts.readthedocs.io/)
* [Istio 集成指南](https://argo-rollouts.readthedocs.io/en/stable/features/traffic-management/istio/)
* [Argo Rollouts GitHub](https://github.com/argoproj/argo-rollouts)
* [Argo Rollouts 示例](https://github.com/argoproj/argo-rollouts/tree/master/examples)

### 渐进式交付

* [渐进式交付](https://www.weave.works/blog/what-is-progressive-delivery-all-about)
* [CNCF 渐进式交付](https://github.com/cncf/tag-app-delivery/blob/main/progressive-delivery/README.md)