> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://atomoh.gitbook.io/kubernetes/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://atomoh.gitbook.io/kubernetes/cn/shi-yan-zhi-nan/labs/02-pods-and-workloads-lab.md).

# Pod 和工作负载实验

> **难度**: 初级 **预计时间**: 50 分钟 **最后更新**: February 11, 2026

## 学习目标

* 使用 YAML 创建和管理 Pods
* 部署和扩缩 Deployments
* 执行滚动更新和回滚

## 前提条件

* [ ] 已安装 kubectl 并具有集群访问权限（minikube 或 kind）
* [ ] 已完成 [Pods 和 Workloads](/kubernetes/cn/kubernetes-he-xin-gai-nian/02-pods-and-workloads.md) 学习

***

## 练习 1：Pod 创建与管理

### 步骤

**步骤 1.1：编写 Pod YAML**

```bash
cat > /tmp/nginx-pod.yaml << 'EOF'
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx-lab
  labels:
    app: nginx
    env: lab
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx:1.25
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
    resources:
      requests:
        memory: "64Mi"
        cpu: "100m"
      limits:
        memory: "128Mi"
        cpu: "200m"
EOF

kubectl apply -f /tmp/nginx-pod.yaml
```

**步骤 1.2：检查 Pod 状态**

```bash
kubectl get pod nginx-lab -o wide
kubectl describe pod nginx-lab
kubectl logs nginx-lab
```

**步骤 1.3：访问 Pod 内部**

```bash
kubectl exec -it nginx-lab -- bash
# Run inside:
curl localhost
exit
```

### 验证

```bash
kubectl get pod nginx-lab -o jsonpath='{.status.phase}'
# Output: Running
```

***

## 练习 2：Deployment

### 步骤

**步骤 2.1：创建 Deployment**

```bash
cat > /tmp/nginx-deployment.yaml << 'EOF'
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-deploy
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx-deploy
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx-deploy
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.24
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
EOF

kubectl apply -f /tmp/nginx-deployment.yaml
```

**步骤 2.2：检查 Deployment 状态**

```bash
kubectl get deployment nginx-deploy
kubectl get replicaset
kubectl get pods -l app=nginx-deploy
```

**步骤 2.3：扩缩容**

```bash
kubectl scale deployment nginx-deploy --replicas=5
kubectl get pods -l app=nginx-deploy -w
# Press Ctrl+C to stop watching
```

<details>

<summary>需要提示吗？</summary>

* `kubectl get pods -w` 会实时监控变化
* ReplicaSet 由 Deployment 自动管理
* 使用 `-l` 选项按标签过滤

</details>

### 验证

```bash
READY=$(kubectl get deployment nginx-deploy -o jsonpath='{.status.readyReplicas}')
echo "Ready replicas: $READY"
```

***

## 练习 3：滚动更新

### 步骤

**步骤 3.1：更新镜像**

```bash
kubectl set image deployment/nginx-deploy nginx=nginx:1.25 --record
kubectl rollout status deployment/nginx-deploy
```

**步骤 3.2：检查更新历史**

```bash
kubectl rollout history deployment/nginx-deploy
kubectl get replicaset -o wide
```

### 验证

```bash
kubectl get deployment nginx-deploy -o jsonpath='{.spec.template.spec.containers[0].image}'
# Output: nginx:1.25
```

***

## 练习 4：回滚

### 步骤

**步骤 4.1：使用无效镜像更新（有意错误）**

```bash
kubectl set image deployment/nginx-deploy nginx=nginx:invalid-tag --record
kubectl rollout status deployment/nginx-deploy --timeout=30s
```

**步骤 4.2：检查错误并回滚**

```bash
kubectl get pods -l app=nginx-deploy
kubectl rollback deployment/nginx-deploy 2>/dev/null || kubectl rollout undo deployment/nginx-deploy
kubectl rollout status deployment/nginx-deploy
```

### 验证

```bash
IMAGE=$(kubectl get deployment nginx-deploy -o jsonpath='{.spec.template.spec.containers[0].image}')
echo "Current image: $IMAGE"
[ "$IMAGE" = "nginx:1.25" ] && echo "Rollback successful!" || echo "Please verify the image"
```

***

## 清理

```bash
kubectl delete pod nginx-lab
kubectl delete deployment nginx-deploy
rm -f /tmp/nginx-pod.yaml /tmp/nginx-deployment.yaml
```

## 后续步骤

* [Pods 和 Workloads 测验](/kubernetes/cn/ce-yan-ji-he/quizzes/02-pods-and-workloads-quiz.md)
* [Services 和 Networking 实验](/kubernetes/cn/shi-yan-zhi-nan/labs/03-services-networking-lab.md)